The aerial photograph from WWI

      My father brought this aerial photograph back from France in 1919. I had seen it when I was a boy, but only recently had it been passed along to me. Since its story was not passed along, this is my reconstruction. As I remember, Dad said he found it in a downed German aircraft. The pilot was dead, but his body had not yet been removed. My father assumed the pilot had been using it to navigate the battlefield. The question is: Where is this?

          I confess that I needed help and got it from Kevin Adams, who is much better at this than I am. He noticed "HoHe285" at the top.  "Hohe" is German for height, and so he figured this is a photograph of Hill 285 in the Meuse-Argonne region and added that the arrow at the bottom left points north. It was the site of heavy fighting between German and French forces from 1914-1918 according to p. 322 here:

     What is more, today Hill 285 is the site of a monument to the French killed there and is marked on this link from Google Maps. While the exact location of Hill 285 isn't marked on the photograph, it seems rather likely that it is generally in the center and that the craters showing in a line in the upper right of the photograph are those on Butte Vauquois. If anyone has other ideas, please leave a comment.

Butte Vauquois

      A number of my posts mention Butte Vauquois. It was a high hill in the Meuse-Argonne region. Before the war, the village of Vauquois was on top of the hill. But after the war started, the Germans invaded France, and half the hill was occupied by the German Army and half by the French. Villagers obviously evacuated, so that today, the village is at the bottom of the hill.

     Each side tunneled into the hill to get under the other side's trenches, planting explosives to blow up the trenches and open a gap in the line. This deadly nonsense continued to the point where one side would listen for the other side's tunneling and then tunnel under the tunnels.

     By the time my father's machine-gun crew began firing at the butte on September 26, 1918, the Germans had taken possession of the entire hill. The emplacements on the hill could hold a large German force, but the garrison was greatly reduced by the time of the attack. The defenders surrendered to the Americans rather quickly.

      Among the things my father brought back and passed down to me is an aerial photograph of Butte Vauquois as it looked in 1918. I don't know how my father acquired this photograph. You can see the big craters left by tunneling explosions. Trenches are also visible to the left and right of the craters. I believe that this was taken from an airplane west of the hill, so east is at the top of the image.

     When I visited the hill in 2018, the craters were still there. The hill has been preserved, and a monument erected at the top. I downloaded the image of Butte Vauquois today, below, from Google Earth.  North is at the top of this image.

 

Why It Is Still Armistice Day to Me

            The cool morning of September 26, 2018, found me standing on Buzemont hill in northeastern France looking at Butte Vauquois, a hill two thousand yards away. Exactly a hundred years earlier, my father had been in the same spot firing a machine gun at German positions on the Butte. It was the beginning of the Meuse-Argonne offensive that would end World War I. His experiences as told in this blog explain why I prefer to call it Armistice Day.

          

            My dad, Harold Johnston, enlisted in the Kansas National Guard soon after President Woodrow Wilson declared war on Germany in April 1917.  Dad was a nineteen-year-old high school senior who had never traveled more than a few dozen miles from the family farms near Salina, Kansas.

 

            The Kansas Guard was called to active duty in the summer of 1917 and merged with the Missouri Guard into the 35th U.S. Infantry Division. They were sent to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, for training.  Harry Truman was an officer in the same division. The United States was so ill-prepared for world war that the trainees slept in Civil War era tents, practiced with dummy weapons, and drilled in formations from Napoleon’s time. Dry and dusty Fort Sill bore little resemblance to the cold rains they would encounter a year later in France, and their antiquated training didn’t prepare them to fight a German army that had been at war since 1914.

            Their commander, General John Pershing, did not want the Americans to be fed into the war piecemeal and refused to commit Americans to combat in great numbers until he had enough to turn the tide. That proved to be September 26, 1918.  By this time, there were 1.2 million American soldiers in France. It was worth the wait. The armistice came just forty-seven days later.

            I had prepared for the trip by studying my father’s diary, but it only covered his training at Fort Sill. The Army confiscated such diaries upon a soldier’s arrival in France. However, Dad did add short summaries of the intervening months from memory when he got the diary back. I also read books about the 35th Division and poured over the division’s records at the National Archives. 

            The division’s mimeographed battle order for the offensive indicated Dad’s machine-gun company was to be on Buzemont on the morning of September 26, 1918 and was to fire on Butte Vauquois. The Allied artillery barrage was to open earlier at 2:30 a.m.  Dad probably didn’t sleep that night with shells roaring overhead.  He wrote in his diary: “At 5:30 the machine-gun barrage started and lasted 28 mins.  Then 2 min pause then ‘dough boys’ went over there.” He meant the infantry climbed out of their trenches and began to cross the no man’s land between the lines. Americans began dying.  It was a battlefield shrouded in fog that morning, adding to the other confusions of war.

            A wave of doughboys more than a mile wide swept up and around Butte Vauquois, which proved lightly defended, and on towards the villages of Varennes and Cheppy. Before they could reach Cheppy, however, the infantry encountered Buanthe Creek, where the Germans had eight machine-gun positions.  An army doctor’s report at the National Archives lamented that the poorly-trained Americans advanced into machine-gun fire with their heads down, like “cattle facing a hail storm,” seemingly believing the thin helmets would stop bullets.  

            Lieutenant Colonel George C. Patton, of World War II fame, was in charge of a battalion of tanks that were supposed to rescue the infantry if it bogged down, and so he ordered his tanks to move forward.  Patton, on foot, was incensed by the sight of American troops falling back. He ran to stop them and was seriously wounded by machine-gun fire. 

            Dad’s unit moved off Buzemont around 10:00 a.m. Pulling their heavy machine-guns in carts, they made the three or four miles to the Buanthe Creek ravine where they spent the night.  Harry Truman wrote that his artillery battery spent its first night around Butte Vauquois but stopped at the ravine the next morning. Truman remembered seeing a line of thirty American dead, cut down by the machine-guns.

            Before my trip to France in 2018, I had exchanged emails with the mayor of Cheppy, Jean Lamorlette, and he met me when I got there.  We exchanged pleasantries with my partner translating. Then, after checking my email on his cell phone, the mayor looked up and said, in French: “Your email mentioned a German kitchen. I can show it to you.” 

 

            He was referring to an email I sent with this entry from Dad’s diary: “Stayed in ravine south of Cheppy all night of [September] 26th and went into Cheppy next morning which had been taken day before and there cooked our breakfast in Dutch kitchen.”  The word “Dutch” was soldier-slang for German.  Remarkably, the kitchen was still there for me to see.

           Mme. Saunier inherited the property from her parents who had owned it when the war broke out in 1914.  They evacuated to Belgium, and the house was destroyed that same year. The Germans took over the property and built a large, reinforced concrete bunker in an “L” shape into a hill in the backyard.  One leg was an army mess; the other was a hospital. I stood in the “Dutch kitchen” where my father had breakfasted on September 27, 1918. It looked no different from how Dad must have seen it. Even the 100-year-old electric wiring worked.

            Dad continued on through Cheppy after breakfast and turned north towards the next objective, the village of Charpentry.  He wrote his unit “lay on the road between Cheppy and Charpentry under heavy art. [artillery] fire.” That road, straight as an arrow and on an exposed ridge, was laid out 2,000 years ago by the Romans. The exposed road may have suited a Roman army to prevent it from being surprised by ambushers with swords, but it was a deadly route for Americans facing 20th century artillery. 

            Dad’s unit followed the first wave of infantry into Charpenty around 5:00 on the afternoon of the second day. Then his chronicle stops with “We wandered around all nite trying.” The abrupt ending puzzled me for a while. What had happened?

            The village of Varennes is a mile west of Cheppy.  The day I visited, it was filled with Americans.  Like me, they were in France for the 100th anniversary of Meuse-Argonne. I jokingly exaggerated that there were more Americans in town in 2018 than there had been in 1918. I met a group of American Army chaplains from a base in Germany. When I told them that my father had been in the 35th Division, a colonel grimaced: “Those boys got roughed up pretty bad. The Germans counterattacked with a whole division.” That is what had happened.

            The Germans had been fighting for four years, the 35th for two days.  Many senior officers of the 35th were killed or wounded in the initial fighting. One terrified colonel was found cowering in a shell crater. The division was disorganized and spread over fifteen or twenty square miles. The few roads were destroyed or clogged.  Food, ammunition, and medical supplies could not be brought forward. 

            The entire division of 28,000 men collapsed as a fighting unit. It was pulled out of combat after four days.  On the last night, only 300 men could be organized into a defensive line to protect the rest.  When relieved on the morning of October 1, just 4,700 men answered muster. The casualty rate ran as high as 40% in the combat units.  The division never fought again. Although it had been in France since June, almost all of its 1,057 battle deaths occurred in the four days of fighting.  Little wonder Dad’s narrative stopped so abruptly.  The division’s history book has a picture of men milling around that last morning with the caption “Surely you remember that day.”

            But Pershing had amassed such a large American force in France that the 35th was quickly replaced and forty-three days later the German generals agreed to an armistice. It was only an agreement to cease fighting. The guns went quiet, and both sides breathed a huge sigh of relief. But there was no peace treaty. 

So, Pershing’s army stayed in Europe in case the war resumed, and the 35th got the training it had not gotten in Oklahoma. According to division history:

"[T]he rigorous training schedule laid down by G.H.Q. [general headquarters] was followed. [A]ll units received splendid tactical training and the entire command was brought up to a very high state of efficiency. Beginning in early 1919 a comprehensive athletic schedule was amended by providing a period each afternoon to be devoted to mass athletics… Teams of all kinds were organized and competitions within the Division and with other divisions were of frequent occurrence. The football and basketball teams made a splendid showing in their contests, while the fighting stable and wrestling teams defeated many of the stars of other organizations of the A.E.F. [American Expeditionary Force]."

          Once peace negotiations began in January 1919, Pershing could relax. Dad’s diary, confiscated upon arrival in France, was returned and his narrative resumed. Pershing himself reviewed the 35th Division, in a drenching rain, on February 17, 1919. Dad and his buddies were able to take short trips around France, once finding “Beacou[p] mademoiselle of every kind,” before boarding the boat for home on April 13. The Versailles Treaty that officially ended the war wasn’t signed until June 1919.

          In 1947, the veterans of World War II began lobbying for the holiday to be renamed to honor them as well as the dwindling number of veterans from the First World War. Congressman Edward Rees of Kansas, who was not a veteran of either war, introduced a bill to rename the holiday “Veterans Day.” It was signed into law in 1953.  But to my father, who served in both wars, it was always Armistice Day. Among the sports Pershing devised to instill a fighting spirit in the 35th was boxing. As a result, when I was growing up, some thirty-two years later, my father made me take boxing lesson, so I also think of it as Armistice Day. 

            

Roman road to Charpentry today

Cemetery at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where my father is buried.  The 35th Division is headquartered at the fort.

Reflections

    My trip had several purposes.  I wanted to see Europe for myself, having never been there.  I
wanted to see France through my father’s eyes. I wanted to do what he had wanted to do but had
not been able: to return to Cheppy.

    Eastern France is the most beautiful countryside I’ve ever seen.  It is a landscape of low, uneven,
lazy-rolling hills, waves on a gentle ocean, bounded by tree-filled ravines.  When I was there, the
harvest was over and the fields plowed. The bare soil was black, gray, brown, and light tan.  It is like
central Kansas where my father grew up but not as flat nor as treeless. There are notable differences.
Most are man-made.  The roads in all of rural Kansas are laid out in mile-square grids, called
“sections,” as stipulated when the state was settled in the latter part of the 19th century.  The roads in
France display no such mathematical precision but instead wind across the countryside along
seemingly natural footpaths. The only long, straight road I traveled was the old Roman road between
Varennes and Charpentry.  It is tree-lined and arrow-straight on a ridge between the two villages.

Farm on the road to Cheppy

    This part of France is characterized by a complete absence of signage whereas even the most
remote parts of Kansas have, to this day, rusted Burma Shave signs and sometimes in the distance the
Golden Arches of a MacDonald’s.  The farms in Kansas are usually large, one-crop affairs whereas
those in France are smaller and grain shares the land with pasture for the ubiquitous “les vaches,” the
typically-white, dairy cows. Rural Kansas looks like the agricultural factory it is whereas rural France is
pastoral in every sense of that word.

Les vaches

Restaurant at inn near Cheppy

Small towns dot the scene in both places, but again there is a difference.  Those in Kansas have been abandoned, their buildings vacant and falling apart.  The small farms they served have been consolidated into larger holdings, and their farm supply businesses have gone out of business.  In France though, the small towns, like Cheppy and Varennes, are still alive. What supports them is less clear. When I was there, tourism was one source of income since it was the 100th anniversary of the Meuse-Argonne offensive.  Truckers are another source of income. Unlike Kansas, large trailer-trucks regularly rumble through the small towns, a horror on the narrow streets of the tiny towns of Normandy. To my father, Cheppy would not have looked too different from the town of Kipp, which is just two miles from the family farm outside Salina, but Kipp today is practically a ghost town.  You can spot the villages in France from a distance by the church steeple rising skyward from the ravine they are in. Each village has its own, built long ago when people walked to church on Sunday. The same was once true in rural America, but the old neighborhood church has largely been replaced by mega-churches collecting congregations from many miles away.

Varennes

Vauquois

My memory of my father’s talk of France is that he found it backward by early-twentieth-century
Kansas standards.  That is not true today. Except for the old buildings and bucolic feel, rural France is
as up-to-date as Kansas City, indeed more so.  It is a case in point that modernization doesn’t need to
come at the cost of charm.

    When my mind’s eye goes back to September 26, 1918, it sees fog, smoke and the flash
of explosions.  It hears whistling and exploding shells, the rattle of machine guns, and the cries of
thousands of wounded and dying men.  It sees destroyed farm houses and burning fields pock-marked
with shell craters. And it feels almost uncontrollable fear.  It is not a place to which I would necessarily
want to return, yet my father did.

    The most surprising thing to me about Europe was how violent its history is.  I knew of course that
I was visiting a World War I area in the Meuse-Argonne region and a World War II area at Normandy.  
But war stalked me on the whole trip. I went to Reims expecting to see a beautiful cathedral, but the
first thing I noticed upon getting there were obvious shell holes in the exterior walls.  I thought the
arms missing from the statues were caused by time and weather, but they were shot off. The Roman
forum seemed peaceful enough but the “Field of Mars” obviously wan’t. In Trier, the ominous black
gate is a vestige of a 6 km wall the Romans built to protect the city from marauding Germans.  In
Verdun, I wanted to visit the same WWI fortifications my father did, and so when I saw a huge wall in
the city, I assumed that was the one my father visited. However, men there told me the in-town
fortifications dated from the 17th or 18th century. The 20th century ones were several miles out of
town.  The dramatic Rodin victory statue in Verdun commemorates Parisian resistance to the
German invasion in 1870. Throughout Europe, statues, even in and around churches, such as Joan
of Arc, have weapons in their hands. Richard-the-Lion-Hearted outside Parliament in London carries
a sword. While tourists gawk at the various monuments in Paris, the fact is a great many of them
commemorate victory in war or, like the Champs Elysees, the Elysian fields of dead. The Bayeux
tapestry celebrates the Normans conquest of England. True enough Washington D.C. has war
memorials, and I've written about them, but I know of no statue in the city of a military leader with
weapon in hand.  The major memorials, such as the Washington Monument and the Lincoln,
Jefferson, and MLK Memorials, are for political not military accomplishments. Europe today is
peaceable, but its history wasn’t.

Rodin in Verdun

Richard the Lion-Hearted outside Parliament

     My trip also brought thoughts I had not expected.  Rather than simply remembering my father, I
was awakened to what he and the WWI generation of Americans stood for.  Decency, honor,
principle, idealism, and pragmatism. Visiting Normandy brought home to me that this was repeated
in WWII.  Tom Brokaw entitled his book on WWII “The Greatest Generation.” They were Ronald
Reagan’s “Boys of Point du Hoc,” the men who selflessly fought and died to free Europe from the
evils of Nazism.  

    And I reflect on the men who shook my hand in Reims and thanked me for what my father had
done.  They said the United States had saved them when France was defeated then, but now they
stand alone.  The people of Cheppy remembered what the United States did for them in both wars
just like the women from Caen remembered June 6, 1944, when the Allies came to Normandy.  To an
American visiting Europe, the slogan Make America Great Again rings hollow. America was made
great by our fathers and mothers, grandfathers and grandmothers, and by their parents, not by
retreating from the world or by asking for a quid pro quo for each element of our foreign policy, but
rather by the realization that decency, honor, principles, idealism, and pragmatism are what made
America great.  It is why this country is respected around the world. Returning to Cheppy made me
see how far the current administration strays from what really made America great.

    My father was a boy from a Kansas farm who never had traveled more than a few dozen miles
from home before joining the army and seeing the world.  The world would never be the same.
I learned the same lesson in Cheppy.

Cemeteries and memorials

     Vintage motion pictures online show an American army cemetery outside Cheppy and burials there.  The bodies were later exhumed and moved to what is now Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery.  It is the largest American military cemetery in Europe with some 14,000 graves from WWI.  A 100-year commemoration ceremony was scheduled for Sunday, September 22.  Mayor Lamorlette of Cheppy said he planned to attend.  An American we met in Reims was going to lay candles for a luminaria and read names of 39 of the dead.  However, violent thunderstorms hit the region that day with 70 mph winds.  A hundred miles away in Trier, Germany, where I was, the same storm put Kansas thunderstorms to shame and lasted for hours.  Much of the ceremony was cancelled.  A few days later, I visited the cemetery. The flags were still there, and I left a copy of my book on Dad with the superintendent, Bruce C. Malone, Jr.  I signed it, but postdated it by a day so it read September 26, 2018.

American Argonne Cemetery

     German dead are interred in a cemetery outside Cheppy that is shown in an earlier post in which I noted some of the dead were Jewish.  I saw one cross with the name Acker on it.  Dad's maternal grandmother was named Acker.  It is a common German surname, but it raises the remote possibility that Dad might have shot, or shot at, a distant cousin.  I once asked him if he had killed anyone in the war.  He answered, "I don't know.  I never saw the people we were firing at."

     I saw no memorials to Americans in WWI in Paris.  There was this memorial to the

sons of France in WWI under the Arch de Triumphe.

      A Frenchman from Brest, France, that I met in Reims, said his port city has a large monument to the Americans.  About 700,000 American soldiers went through there in WWI.

       Washington D.C. has not had a WWI memorial although one is planned.  On one visit to Washington, I took Dad to the Second Division monument on the ellipse.  It honors that division's service in WWI.  Dad liked it and said it was enough.  We didn't know that the First Division, the Big Red One that took over from Dad's 35th, has a larger monument just a block away.

Second Division Monument

       In Kansas City, Missouri, where Dad worked when I was growing up, there is the Liberty Memorial for WWI.  The city claims that it is home to the only legitimate memorial to WWI.  It is a good claim since Kansas City started raising funds in 1919.  And, as motion pictures on the memorial's website show, commanders from the United States, France, Britain, and Belgium came to the dedication a few years later.  In more recent times, the memorial acquired and installed a large commemorative mural in its museum.  The painting depicts a celebratory parade in Paris at the end of the war and shows the same four commanders.  But the mural isn't original to the Liberty Memorial.  Instead, it was painted for the walls of a restaurant in New Jersey (as I recall) and was only moved to Kansas City when the restaurant closed.  After it was installed in the museum, city-pride took over and the face of Captain Harry Truman was added by painting his face into the crowd behind the commanders.  The memorial itself consists of a large museum building and a tall column with a perpetual flame (steam lit by a red light at night) and flanked by two large "Assyrian sphinxes"  The sphinxes perplexed me when I visited several years ago, but visiting the British Museum in London on my recent trip, I saw what I believe to be their model.  I don't know if, or why, a WWI memorial in Kansas City was inspired by an exhibit in London.  Maybe someday I'll find an answer.

Assyrian sphinx in the British Museum

Return From Cheppy

     Returning to the United States from Cheppy today was easy for me.  Cheppy is about a three-hour drive to Paris at the posted 130 Kmph (80 mph) speed although I detoured to Normandy first.  From there to London on the 200 mph Eurostar train was a two-hour trip.  And the flight from London to Dulles Airport in Washington took about 7 1/2 hours.  There isn't much fatigue in flying on a Boeing 787 with two passable meals served enroute.

     My father's experiences were quite different.  The 35th Division remained in France from the November 11, 1918 Armistice until March 1919.  During this time, they were trained and made tough for European combat, training that probably would have prevented the collapse in the Meuse-Argonne.  Dad took leave to see eastern France including Fort de Vaux at Verdon.  He recorded that human bones were still on the surface of the land.  Then his unit had a stint at a rifle range near Champagne before being moved to Montoir in southwestern France.  According to his diary, it was "best town I have been in in France.  Beaucou[p] mademoiselle of every kind."  He shipped out on board the USS Matsonia at Saint-Nazaire. The ocean voyage was rough.  A wave took off two ventilators and some railing.  Dad got seasick.  Years later, he told my brother that he was advised to eat lemon drops to prevent seasickness. The remedy didn't work and left Dad with a distaste for lemon drops for the rest of his life.  They landed at Newport News, Virginia.  The Army erected a makeshift triumphal arch at dockside, and returning soldiers marched through it.  It has since been replaced by a permanent, commemorative arch.  Dad's unit went by train on a kind of victory tour, stopping to march through cities along the route, before arriving in Kansas City where they were mustered out.  I still have a photograph of a jaunty Harold Johnston in uniform in front of the Revolutionary War monument in Yorktown.  Two years ago, after I had researched and written a book about my father's experiences, I posed before the same monument.

Dad's ship home

Dad at Yorktown

Me at Yorktown

My father's equipment

     I still have some of the equipment Dad saved from World War I.  My guess is that he had this with him in Cheppy.  First is his helmet.  The 35th Division patch is stenciled on the side. I also have his mess kit and first aid kit.   I saw similar items in museums in France. Note the close up of the mess kit stamped with "1918 France."

     When I was a boy, I often asked my dad about his experiences in the war.  He told of a time when his machine gun company was moving through woods and came under artillery fire.  The men all ran to the side of the road and fell to the ground.  Dad was carrying the heavy tripod of the machine gun on his shoulders and, after hitting the ground, felt something warm trickling down the back of his neck and shouted "I'm hit."  His buddy, who was next to him, leaned over and said, "The tripod hit you on the head." Dad would always point to a slight dent in the skin of his bald head.

Hotchkiss Machine gun in museum in Reims, France

     Of course the most valuable item that I have is Dad's diary.  He had begun it in training at Camp Doniphan, Oklahoma.  But apparently, after he got to France, he had to turn it in for security reasons.  There are no contemporaneous entries from then until after the war.  But in a section for "Battles I was in" appears this page in his handwriting about having breakfast in the "Dutch kitchen" in Cheppy. Below it are pictures of the inside of the kitchen part of the building and of the electrical wiring that the Germans installed in 1916.

Dad's diary

Inside of German kitchen

1916 electrical wiring

The 35th Division's collapse

     Now that this blog nears its end,  I want to tell the sad story of what happened to Dad's 35th Division composed of the Missouri and Kansas National Guards.  After five days of fighting, it was counterattacked by a veteran German division.  Inexperienced, poorly led, and poorly trained, the 35th collapsed and was taken out of combat for the rest of the war. On its final night of battle, September 30, only 300 men, out of 28,000, formed an organized resistance along the Balny-Charpentry line a few miles north of Cheppy and Varennes.  Their stand was a 20th century Thermopylae except this time the Spartans, the 35th, won.  They were replaced by the First Infantry Division.

The 300 holding the line

     After the war, a memorial to the Meuse-Argonne campaign was erected on the top of Montfaucon, a hill an estimated ten miles north of where the campaign started on September 26.  The circular staircase inside the memorial appears in an earlier post.   A plaque in the building has the map below of the Meuse-Argonne campaign.  At the bottom of the map, you can see where the 35th stopped and the 1st took over.
     When relieved on the morning of October 1, only 4,700 men of the 28,000 in the 35th Division answered muster.  A picture in the Division's history book of the demoralized troops that morning is captioned, "Surely you remember that day."

Surely you remember that day

   

Memorial on Montfaucon

   

       

Meuse-Argonne campaign

     This is how the ridge line between Balny and Charpentry looks today.  It is roughly where the 300 men made a stand to protect the rest of the Division, which was strung out to the south to below where they had started on September 26.  And I should add that the 1st Division, also known as the Big Red One, was in the Normandy landing at Omaha Beach in World War II.  It is now stationed at Fort Riley, Kansas, near where my father grew up.

From Balny looked east toward Charpentry in that depression

National Portrait Galleries

     At the National Portrait Gallery in London, I first saw the room with these portraits of Richard III, Henry VII,  and Elizabeth I.  But I'm not a royaltist, so having asked for directions at the front desk, I went to see Ayuba Suleiman Diallo.  My request raised eyebrows for a second, but someone knew the portrait was in Room 11.

Richard III

Henry VIII

Elizabeth I

     Diallo was a Fulani Muslim who was brought as a slave to Maryland in 1731.  I write about him in my book From Slave Ship to Harvard.  Indeed, I have a black and white image of him in the book.  When I wrote the book in 2012, his portrait was at the NPG but owned by the Qatar Museum, which had recently purchased it but agreed to leave it with the NPG in England.  I know this because I had to obtain the image and permission from the Qatar Museum.  After arriving as a slave in Maryland at age 16, Diallo was put to work on a tobacco plantation on the Eastern Shore.  Literate and terribly unhappy, he did a surprising thing.  He wrote a letter to his father in Africa, saying essentially "get me out of here."  Of course, the letter didn't reach his father, but men in England read it and arranged for his passage to London where he was feted and painted by William Hoare, a student of the great portrait painter Thomas Gainsborough.
       As I was looking at Diallo's portrait, two different school groups came by, one composed mainly of descendants from India or Pakistan and the other of descendants from Africa.  I am not shy about sharing stories from my book, so I gave each a short talk on African Muslims in America, showing a photo of Peale’s portrait of Yarrow on my cell phone.  Both groups as well as their teachers seemed quite appreciative.  One of the people with me said, “That is one of the few faces in the National Portrait Gallery that is the same color as theirs,” as you can see from the photograph below.
        This brings me to the difference between the NPG in London and the NPG in Washington DC with respect to racial sensitivity.  At the Washington gallery, former curator Asma Naeem arranged to borrow the James Alexander Simpson portrait of Yarrow from the Georgetown Library and placed it prominently among those of Yarrow’s white contemporaries to make the point that white males weren't the only founders of the country.  Diallo isn't given such treatment in England.

Jim and Diallo

Diallo in Room 11

Impromptu lecture

Timelines

     Astronomy was a passion of mine as a boy.  I built my own reflecting telescope from scratch, grinding the mirror in the cold basement of our house, and spent mosquito-ridden hours outside at night looking at the stars.  So naturally, while in London,I took the short boat ride to Greenwich to see the Royal Observatory.  When Britannia ruled the waves, her sailing ships needed a precise way of determining longitude.  Doing so requires accurate clocks on a ship and tables showing when certain stars should be directly overhead at various longitudes.  The Royal Observatory was established to service this need.  Its location became the zero meridian, and time all around the world, or at least all around the British empire upon which the sun never set, was measured from Greenwich Mean Time.  Tourists visiting the Observatory today pay 16 pounds for the privilege of entering the gates and standing with feet on each side of the zero meridian.  The importance of bestriding an invisible, artificial line escapes me.  So I asked an attendant about this.  He dismissed me at first by saying that if I wanted to see the meridian, I could bloody well pay the 16 pounds.  But when I pointed out that the zero meridian runs from the South Pole, through the Observatory in Greenwich, to the North Pole and that there are infinite points along the line where one can bestride it, he allowed as how the weather vane on top of the Observatory also had an arrow pointing north and so I could indeed stand astride the meridian outside the gates without charge.

The town of Greenwich and the Old Royal Naval College from the Observatory

     William Herschel constructed a very large reflecting telescope with a mirror that was 48 inches in diameter.  (Mine was six inches).  So when I saw a remaining fragment of the tube on the grounds of the Observatory, I naturally had to have my picture taken with it.

Video of my return to Cheppy

     Now that I'm back in the United States, I have access to a computer and plan to add a few more details.  I will begin with this video of the drive into Cheppy on September 26.  I uploaded to YouTube.  The video is taken from the same direction as Dad would have gone from Buzemont, from west to east.  It begins at the Missouri Memorial outside Cheppy.  The fact that the memorial was put in this spot in 1922 by men who fought there tends to confirm that this division's route into Cheppy.  My guess is that this road was there in 1918 although the mayor told me that the Germans had built a small railroad track here to supply munitions to the fortifications on Butte Vauquois.  About 10 seconds into the video, you will see a bridge on the road.  The mayor said this is the ravine that Dad and Truman referred to.  Again, my guess is that elements of the 35th Division, not just Dad's machine gun company, must have camped along the ravine where they might get water to bathe (not drink) from the small stream.  As the video continues, you see the sign "Cheppy" at the outskirts of the village.  Next is the German kitchen, and the camera pans to it behind the house of the woman who showed it to us. Then left into the village and another left to "downtown" Cheppy and la mairie, the mayor's office.
Returning to Cheppy on September 26

 

     We walked through most of central Paris Friday. We estimated we covered at least ten
miles. Afternoon found us on the Champs Elysees, and we decided to stop for coffee. By
random chance, we picked the chic Fourquet, where two glasses of champagne, two patisseries,
and a bottle of mineral water ran to 64 Euros. Seated next to us was a distinguished man--imagine Charles De Gaulle, wonderfully dressed in a tweedy sports coat, red sweater, starched
white shirt, and red, striped tie. I asked him what the thin red thread on this lapel signified. It
was the Legion of Honor, awarded since the time of Napoleon to military and civil service for
distinguished service. In his case it was his years as ambassador to a former French colony in
Africa. Ever so slowly, I elicited his story. He lives near Metz in eastern France and is in Paris
visiting his adult children. Since retiring, he stays busy overseeing the family’s castle and a
thousand acres of land. He doesn’t live in the castle because, although an historic site, it’s run
down with a leaking roof. During WWII, it was a headquarters for both German and American
armies, at different times of course. There was much more to his story, but those parts were too
personal for telling on the Internet. We tarried, talking to him, before setting off for another two
hours of walking and dinner.

   

    I have skipped a day, giving both the reader and myself a rest. I thought we had finished with war with the visit to the Normandy beaches, but that proved not to be the case because we went to Bayeux Thursday morning to see the tapestry. It is not truly a tapestry, I learned, but rather an embroidered cloth scroll. Frankly that was a disappointment because I was expecting to see a wall covered with a beautiful wool tapestry. It tells the story of the Norman conquest of England in pictures over perhaps a hundred feet or more of a two-foot high scroll protected by glass. Viewing it is an exasperating experience for someone like me who wants to tour at my own pace. The visitor is handed a cell phone-size listening device which narrates the story at a fixed pace, designed to keep the visitor moving along the scroll. But we were behind a large group of grade school students who moved at a slower pace, so the narrative that I listened to generally talked about a section of the scroll that was two or three feet ahead of where I was. So about all I got out of it was that because Harold broke his oath to William (spelled Willelm on the scroll), William conquered England. Adding to my frustration was the fact that the visitor does not see the explanatory exhibits until after he sees the scroll.
     From Bayeux, we drove to Paris where I had the dubious pleasure of driving through Paris traffic. Remembering the scene from European family vacation, I successfully avoided getting stuck in the traffic circles before getting to the hotel near the Place de Concorde and then to the rental car drop-off which oddly did not have a sign and which required the driver to take the car to a parking lot nearby.
     Friday, I gave Yarrow book talks at two university preparatory schools. Although these were explained to me, I am not sure I am correctly explaining the system, but my understanding is that these students are in a two-year program designed to prepare them for testing and admission to the elite universities. No matter, I gave my talks in English. The students were attentive and asked great questions at the end. Getting questions required some prodding on my part since, I was warned, French students tend to be shy about doing that. But once the ice was broken, the questions flowed. These talks were sponsored and arranged by the U.S. embassy in French as part of long-established State Department programs to provide cultural programs in foreign countries. I may have learned as much about French culture as the students learned from me about Yarrow Mamout’s experiences in America. Traveling to and from the two schools by taxi also gave me a chance to see most of Paris, obviating the need to do that today. Of course, it was an “oh there is the Eiffel Tower” experience. Still, it means the next two days can be spent exploring the sites we want to see.